澳门历史开奖记录

This paper investigates the consequences of language contact for Papapana, an endangered Austronesian language of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (PNG). PNG is a region with considerable linguistic diversity where multilingualism is the norm and language contact is pervasive. Papapana speakers have historically been in contact with speakers of neighbouring Papuan (non-Austronesian) languages, and this has led to grammatical change: Papapana displays a partial shift from left-headed to right-headed typology, evident it its clause orders, possessive constructions and obliques. However, since European colonization in the late 19th century, Papapana speakers have also come into contact with speakers of English and the English-based creole Tok Pisin. A creole is itself an outcome of language contact; in this case evolving mainly from English and the local Austronesian languages. Therefore it is interesting that in the Papapana speech community, it is now Tok Pisin which is influencing Papapana. Not only has contact with Tok Pisin contributed to language shift and language endangerment, but also to further linguistic change, specifically lexical change and lexical calquing. There are also a number of English loan words. This paper explores the nature of this lexical change and the reasons why there is language shift to Tok Pisin.

In 2014, self-proclaimed 鈥榩ick-up artist鈥� (PUA hereafter) Julien Blanc was denied entry to the UK following a campaign against his promotion of sexual violence and assault against women (Travis 2014). This intervention was one of the first occasions where the strategies of the PUA community shifted away from the confines of private online settings and into the media limelight.

Although PUA communities generally position themselves as 鈥榮elf-help鈥� fora for men to discuss methods of attracting sexual partners, the linguistic strategies used in these communities, including how women are represented, discussed and positioned, remain relatively underexplored in language, gender and sexualities research (although see Jones and Merrison 2012; Dayter and R眉diger 2016).

In this paper, preliminary results of a corpus-based study of the online PUA community 鈥楾he Red Pill鈥�, a Reddit board (鈥榮ubreddit鈥�) with ~200,000 subscribers are presented. The corpus was constructed by extracting comments and submission text from the 100 top submissions, totaling ~2m words. The focus is primarily on dominant (i.e. frequent) forms of social actor representation and practices that are part of the construction of online masculine identities. This work contributes to current debates concerning contemporary constructions of masculinities in online spaces (cf. Hardaker and McGlashan 2015), and highlights potential research directions in terms of 鈥榓lt-right鈥� masculine identities.

References

Dayter, D. and R眉diger, S., 2016. Reporting from the field: The narrative reconstruction of experience in pick-up artist online communities. Open Linguistics, 2 (1).

Hambling-Jones, O. and Merrison, A.J.. 2012. Inequity in the pursuit of intimacy: An analysis of British pick-up artist interactions.Journal of Pragmatics, 44 (9): 1115-1127.

Hardaker, C. and McGlashan, M. 2015. 鈥楻eal men don鈥檛 hate women鈥�: Twitter rape threats and group identity.Journal of Pragmatics, 91 (1): 80-93.

Travis, A. 2014. Julien Blanc barred from entry to UK.The Guardian. » . Last accessed 9/02/17.